Cardboard book-operated mechanical pianos made by G. Racca of Bologna, Italy, circa 1886-1910.

Brand name for electric pianos and orchestrions made by J.D. Philipps & Söhne, Frankfurt, Germany.

Expression pianos made by Ludwig Hupfeld, A.G., Leipzig, Germany, circa 1904-1930.

Automatic piano with real violins, made by Ludwig Hupfeld, A.G., Leipzig, Germany, circa 1908-1930.

Brand name for push-up piano players and player pianos made by Ludwig Hupfeld, A.G., Leipzig, Germany, circa late 1890s-1930.