See sforzando.

1. Open pipe organ ranks, usually metal, having a strong fundamental tone with few harmonics. 2. Lowest musical tones in a fairground organ, large orchestrion, etc. A deep bass tone provided by bourdon, violoncello, or other bass-range pipes. Used as accompaniment for other pipes or instruments, never as solo. These bass pipes are sometimes referred to as foundation pipes. * Synonyms: bass division, bass registers, etc.

Hupfeld’s designation for tubular bells of relatively short length and with tuned resonators. The fundamental pitch is almost completely overpowered by the harmonics, resulting in a bright clanking sound similar to tuned cowbells. Used in the Hupfeld Sinfonie Jazz orchestrion.

French term for brothers, as in Limonaire Frères. The term is listed here as it appears regularly in musical literature and is sometimes confused by the uninitiated. Interchangeable with Gebrüder, the German term for brothers. Bruder, the organ builder, gave the firm’s name as Bruder Frès in its French-language catalogues and as Gebrüder Bruder in its German-language catalogues, for example.

French term, used universally, describing the harmonic brake (also listed in this Glossary) of a violin pipe. * Synonym: frein harmonique.