Tonal effects produced by striking a device, usually of fixed pitch or tonal character (as opposed to tunable piano strings, etc.). Two types: 1. Tuned percussion with a series of units, each tuned to a corresponding note in a piano or organ scale. Examples: xylophone, orchestra bells, chimes. 2. Non-tuned percussion such as a cymbal, bass drum, snare drum, tambourine, tenor drum, triangle, wood block, etc., which have no specific pitch. In automatic musical instrument terminology, tuned percussion are usually listed individually. Non-tuned types are often grouped together as "percussion" or "drum and trap effects."

A hole in a music roll, music book, disc, etc. Perforations are arranged in a manner to produce a musical performance when used on an automatic musical instrument. Perforator: a machine which produces perforations, especially in a music roll.

See bird organ.

Automatic musical instrument, usually consisting of a keyboard piano with one or two attached side chests containing pipes, percussion instruments, and novelty sound effects. Usually with a single or duplex roll mechanism built into the piano case above the keyboard. Used to provide music and sound effects to accompany silent motion pictures. American and Wurlitzer photoplayers, for example, are illustrated in the present volume.

German term for small upright piano.